On a plane where modernity is perceived as a process and modernization as a project, it should be stated that modernity corresponds to a historical and social process that the West has undergone. Modernity has a field of capability that moves from the social to the political, while modernization moves from the political to the social. Therefore, modernity has a different historical and social meaning and reality than modernization. The attempt to understand Turkish modernization through this difference attempts to analyze Ottoman-Turkish modernization from understandings that express it as a militaristic, political, administrative, and political field of action to understandings that deal with this field within the framework of non-western modernization. This study also attaches importance to the efforts of the Ottoman Empire to resist this process and to reach the consciousness of rebuilding the disrupted order at a time of great ruptures and transformations in the West and makes an effort to define Turkish modernization as the renewal movement initiated by the state in the Ottoman Empire from the eighteenth century onwards. The belief in the expression of modernization as the realization of modernity and the realization that one is not modern has also led to the need to explain modernization as a kind of panic attack. Therefore, while the reactions against the modern are shaped and felt as a panic of being late, it also creates the necessity to explain modernization by taking the modern as a model. Turkish modernization from a sociological perspective and more as a matter of mentality.

Philosophy of enlightenment, Republic, modernity, modernization, Turkish modernization